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Supply Chain Security

LLM Inference Cost by Chip and Model Size, 1B to 1 Trillion Parameters

Weights, KV cache, chips per replica, decode limits and cost per million tokens for 1B, 10B, 100B and 1T models on 13 AI chips, all worked in Python.

Oct 25, 202660 min read
Supply Chain Security

Cheapest LLM Inference: How to Cut Cost per Million Tokens

Levers that cut LLM cost per million tokens, with worked math: chip choice, batching, quantization, caching, MoE, distillation, spot and serving stacks.

Oct 25, 202660 min read
Supply Chain Security

Fastest LLM Inference: Lowest Latency and Most Tokens per Second

The fastest LLM inference keeps batches small, splits weights across many chips, and uses speculative decoding. The physics, chips and measured results.

Oct 25, 202659 min read
Supply Chain Security

AI Chips Compared 2026: B200, H200, MI355X, Gaudi 3, TPU, Trainium

Every metric for today's AI chips side by side: dense and sparse throughput by precision, HBM, interconnect, power, rack scale, software, prices and MLPerf results.

Oct 25, 202665 min read
Supply Chain Security

LLM Training Cost by Chip and Model Size: 1B to 1T, Worked

Worked estimates for training 1B, 10B, 100B and 1T parameter LLMs on H100, B200, MI300X, TPU and Trainium2: FLOPs, chip-hours, cost, energy and memory.

Oct 25, 202666 min read
Supply Chain Security

AI Accelerator TCO: Buy vs Rent, Capex, Power, Cooling and Utilization

When does buying AI accelerators beat renting? A worked TCO model with capex, power, PUE, cooling, staff, cloud prices and break-even utilization by chip.

Oct 25, 202651 min read
Supply Chain Security

How Many GPUs Does a 1 Trillion Parameter Model Need?

Worked numbers for a 1 trillion parameter model, dense and mixture of experts: training memory, parallelism on NVL72, HGX and TPU pods, serving layouts, interconnect, megawatts and cost.

Oct 25, 202662 min read
Supply Chain Security

How to Estimate AI Training and Inference Cost: Formulas and a Calculator

Training costs about 6 x params x tokens FLOPs over peak x MFU; decode speed is bounded by memory bandwidth. Every formula, worked numbers and a Python calculator.

Oct 25, 202652 min read
Supply Chain Security

NVIDIA vs AMD vs Intel vs Apple GPUs: Architectures Compared

How NVIDIA, AMD, Intel and Apple GPUs differ in compute units, SIMD width, matrix engines, memory, interconnect and software, with cited specs and rooflines.

Oct 25, 202654 min read

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