Cryptography
In-depth guides and analysis on cryptography from the Safeguard engineering team.
15 articles
What crypto-agility means and how to design for algorithm...
What crypto agility really means, why SHA-1's decade-long death proved it, and how to design algorithm swaps into software before NIST's PQC deadlines force the issue.
Comparing quantum-safe VPN and networking products on the...
A practical buyers guide to quantum-safe VPN options, comparing Cisco, Palo Alto Networks, Mullvad, ExpressVPN, Zscaler, and Post-Quantum on real strengths and limitations.
How ML-KEM (Kyber) works and implementation pitfalls
FIPS 203's ML-KEM Kyber is landing in TLS, SSH, and VPNs everywhere — here's how the lattice math works and the timing bugs, like KyberSlash, already found in real implementations.
What a cryptographic bill of materials is and why it's ne...
A cryptographic bill of materials (CBOM) inventories every algorithm, key, and certificate in your systems—here's why PQC migration is impossible without one.
Merkle tree in transparency logs
A Merkle tree is a hash-based data structure that lets transparency logs prove data integrity efficiently, using Merkle proofs and certificate transparency.
Certificate transparency log
A concrete guide to certificate transparency logs: how SCTs verify issuance, how CT monitoring works, and how rogue certificates get detected fast.
Hash collision attack
What is a hash collision, and why does it break integrity checks and signatures? A precise definition, the SHA-1 collision attack, and how Safeguard closes the gap.
HMAC
HMAC is a cryptographic construct that combines a hash function with a secret key to verify both the integrity and authenticity of a message.
Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC)
A precise, technical answer to what is elliptic curve cryptography — plus how ECC vs RSA, ECDSA signatures, and ECDH key exchange secure modern systems.
Post-quantum cryptography
Post-quantum cryptography protects data from future quantum attacks. See how NIST-standardized, lattice-based algorithms defend today's software supply chain.
Hardware Security Module (HSM)
What is an HSM? Learn how hardware security modules store signing keys, how HSM vs KMS differs, and why FIPS 140-2 HSMs protect code-signing keys.
Perfect forward secrecy
Perfect forward secrecy stops a single leaked TLS key from unlocking years of past traffic. Here's how ephemeral key exchange works, and why it matters for supply chain security.
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